Bonus 20 points.
Identify the above image. Send along via e-mail or leave on desk before class.
Due today at the beginning of class: Whitman When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer responses.
Due Monday 6 February at the beginning of class for full credit: Vocabulary 8.
In class: How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis. Images and Introduction to his report. What we do not finish in class, please complete for Tuesday 7 February. There is a copy below, if you are absent. Note the accompanying questions.
For Wednesday 8 February (planning ahead) Everyone is being given one chapter from Jacob Riis' report How the Other Half Lives. See the list below for your chapter. Some are duplicated; however, this is not a partner project. What are you doing with this?
1. Read your short chapter carefully.
2. On a sheet of paper to be turned in, list 10 phrases that reflect the attitude and prejudices of the author. (remember we are looking back from the 21st century; most would not have questioned his words in 1878).
3. List 10 objective facts from your assigned chapter. This requires that you filter out the opinions and biases.
4. This part is to be posted, whereas the lists are to be turned in.
In a minimum of 250 words, discuss the people and or situation in your assigned chapter. Note the living and working conditions and their future prospects. Incorporate material from your lists. This must be posted before class on Wednesday. I would suggest you write it on a work document and copy and paste the material in. The grading is based upon language conventions and content.
Jacob A. Riis (1849–1914). How the Other Half Lives. 1890.
LONG ago it was said that “one half of the world does not know how the other half lives.” That was true then. It did not know because it did not care. The half that was on top cared little for the struggles, and less for the fate of those who were underneath, so long as it was able to hold them there and keep its own seat. There came a time when the discomfort and crowding below were so great, and the consequent upheavals so violent, that it was no longer an easy thing to do, and then the upper half fell to inquiring what was the matter. Information on the subject has been accumulating rapidly since, and the whole world has had its hands full answering for its old ignorance. 1
In New York, the youngest of the world’s great cities, that time came later than elsewhere, because the crowding had not been so great. There were those who believed that it would never come; but their hopes were vain. Greed and reckless selfishness wrought like results here as in the cities of older lands. “When the great riot occurred in 1863,” so reads the testimony of the Secretary of the Prison Association of New York before a legislative committee appointed to investigate causes of the increase of crime in the State twenty-five years ago, “every hiding-place and nursery of crime discovered itself by immediate and active participation in the operations of the mob. Those very places and domiciles, and all that are like them, are to-day nurseries of crime, and of the vices and disorderly courses which lead to crime. By far the largest part—eighty per cent. at least—of crimes against property and against the person are perpetrated by individuals who have either lost connection with home life, or never had any, or whose homes had ceased to be sufficiently separate, decent, and desirable to afford what are regarded as ordinary wholesome influences of home and family. … The younger criminals seem to come almost exclusively from the worst tenement house districts, that is, when traced back to the very places where they had their homes in the city here.” Of one thing New York made sure at that early stage of the inquiry: the boundary line of the Other Half lies through the tenements. 2
It is ten years and over, now, since that line divided New York’s population evenly. To-day three-fourths of its people live in the tenements, and the nineteenth century drift of the population to the cities is sending ever-increasing multitudes to crowd them. The fifteen thousand tenant houses that were the despair of the sanitarian in the past generation have swelled into thirty-seven thousand, and more than twelve hundred thousand persons call them home. The one way out he saw—rapid transit to the suburbs—has brought no relief. We know now that there is no way out; that the “system” that was the evil offspring of public neglect and private greed has come to stay, a storm-centre forever of our civilization. Nothing is left but to make the best of a bad bargain. 3
What the tenements are and how they grew to what they are, we shall see hereafter. The story is dark enough, drawn from the plain public records, to send a chill to any heart. If it shall appear that the sufferings and the sins of the “other half,” and the evil they breed, are but as a just punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth. The boundary line lies there because, while the forces for good on one side vastly outweigh the bad—it were not well otherwise—in the tenements all the influences make for evil; because they are the hot-beds of the epidemics that carry death to rich and poor alike; the nurseries of pauperism and crime that fill our jails and police courts; that throw off a scum of forty thousand human wrecks to the island asylums and workhouses year by year; that turned out in the last eight years a round half million beggars to prey upon our charities; that maintain a standing army of ten thousand tramps with all that that implies; because, above all, they touch the family life with deadly moral contagion. This is their worst crime, inseparable from the system. That we have to own it the child of our own wrong does not excuse it, even though it gives it claim upon our utmost patience and tenderest charity. 4
What are you going to do about it? is the question of to-day. It was asked once of our city in taunting defiance by a band of political cutthroats, the legitimate outgrowth of life on the tenement-house level. 1 Law and order found the answer then and prevailed. With our enormously swelling population held in this galling bondage, will that answer always be given? It will depend on how fully the situation that prompted the challenge is grasped. Forty per cent. of the distress among the poor, said a recent official report, is due to drunkenness. But the first legislative committee ever appointed to probe this sore went deeper down and uncovered its roots. The “conclusion forced itself upon it that certain conditions and associations of human life and habitation are the prolific parents of corresponding habits and morals,” and it recommended “the prevention of drunkenness by providing for every man a clean and comfortable home.” Years after, a sanitary inquiry brought to light the fact that “more than one-half of the tenements with two-thirds of their population were held by owners who made the keeping of them a business, generally a speculation. The owner was seeking a certain percentage on his outlay, and that percentage very rarely fell below fifteen per cent., and frequently exceeded thirty. 2 … The complaint was universal among the tenants that they were entirely uncared for, and that the only answer to their requests to have the place put in order by repairs and necessary improvements was that they must pay their rent or leave. The agent’s instructions were simple but emphatic: ‘Collect the rent in advance, or, failing, eject the occupants.’ ” Upon such a stock grew this upas-tree. Small wonder the fruit is bitter. The remedy that shall be an effective answer to the coming appeal for justice must proceed from the public conscience. Neither legislation nor charity can cover the ground. The greed of capital that wrought the evil must itself undo it, as far as it can now be undone. Homes must be built for the working masses by those who employ their labor; but tenements must cease to be “good property” in the old, heartless sense. “Philanthropy and five per cent.” is the penance exacted. 5
If this is true from a purely economic point of view, what then of the outlook from the Christian standpoint? Not long ago a great meeting was held in this city, of all denominations of religious faith, to discuss the question how to lay hold of these teeming masses in the tenements with Christian influences, to which they are now too often strangers. Might not the conference have found in the warning of one Brooklyn builder, who has invested his capital on this plan and made it pay more than a money interest, a hint worth heeding: “How shall the love of God be understood by those who have been nurtured in sight only of the greed of man?” 6
Note 1. The Tweed band of municipal robbers. [ back ]
Note 2. Forty per cent. was declared by witnesses before a Senate Committee to be a fair average interest on tenement property. Instances were given of its being one hundred per cent. and over. [ back ]
How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis responses to the Introduction published 1878
Please respond on a separate sheet of paper. This should preferably be typed. Each numbered question corresponds to a paragraph within the essay.
1. Considering the time period of How the Other Half Lives, why now were those on top “answering for [their old ignorance”?
2. Where does Riis observe the “nurseries of crime”?
3. Facts:
a. How many tenant houses are in NYC?
b. How many people dwell in them?
c. What was initially considered a way out of this situation?
d. What has caused these horrendous living conditions?
4. What reason does Riis give for the evil bred in the tenaments?
5. a. According to a city official, what is a primary source of stress among the poor?
b. How did the property owners handle their buildings? (quote, please)
6. In a minimum of 150 words, explain this warning said by a Brooklyn builder: “How shall the love of God be understood by those who have been nurtured in sight only of the greed of man?”
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